Bringing Awareness to Pump Preservation

When a pump is received from the factory and properly stored indoors, it should be satisfactory for short-term storage. As you approach storage schedules of 3-6 months or longer before startup, you must consider long term storage procedures.

Humidity and Temperature Control:
In the decision process you need to know if the pump will be stored indoors or out and if it is indoors, will the temperature and humidly be controlled. Do not confuse temperature controlled with climate controlled. Climate controlled storage spaces manage both, which together work to regulate moisture levels.Climate controlled typically means 65 to 85 degrees F with no changes in temperature of more than 10 degrees in one hour. Humidly should be less than 60 percent and often less than 50 percent. Note that pump parts stored below 65 F will not normally be an issue if other parameters are controlled.

There are also Specific Cautions and Procedures for
Rotors, Bearings, Greases, and Seals – Oh My!
For instance, pump rotating assemblies should be turned by hand every month or two and left in a different position than found to prevent rotor bowing and false brinelling (bearing) issues.

Sealed for life ball bearings have a 5 year maximum shelve life (due to the grease) even under ideal storage conditions. Mechanical seal assemblies are a detailed combination of metallic and nonmetallic components, which must each follow their own unique preservation regiment.

Ozone:
Exposed (to the atmosphere) rubber products such as spare progressive cavity pump stators and other elastomers are subject to ozone attack. Some elastomers such as EDPM and Viton™ are inherently less prone to ozone issues.

Postscript:
*The purported shelf life of Twinkies™ …as a millennium, is an urban myth.

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Here are some brief reminders about NPSH_A and NPSH_R.

Suction pipe geometry: For every elbow, twist and turn in the suction pipe the fluid velocity profile becomes turbulent (technical for; it gets all messed up) and creates a mismatch (discrepancy) between the fluid velocity and the impeller inlet vane velocity. This mismatch creates recirculation at the impeller eye that directly affects NPSHR.

NPSH Margins: Last; please understand that pumps with adequate NPSH (calculated) margins…where NPSH_A exceeds NPSH_R can still cavitate, because the margins are not sufficient and the system dynamics are changing.

Quiz: On your own…see if you understand why the following factors affect NPSH.

1. Temperature both ambient and fluid
2. Vapor Pressure
3. Specific Gravity of the fluid
4. Elevation above sea level
Bonus Info:

Pumps require a certain amount of Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) to operate satisfactorily at a given point of head and flow on the curve to prevent cavitation. These points are empirically determined by the manufacturer (sometimes calculated) and are denoted as Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSH_R). 

The suction side of the system itself must in return provide a certain amount of NPSH and that is referred to as Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSH_A). There must be more NPSH_A than NPSH_R for the pump to operate satisfactorily. The difference is referred to as the margin or ratio. 

Refer to Hydraulic Institute 9.6.1-2017 for details on margins and ratios.

Viscosity: ANSI/HI Standard 9.6.7- 2015 provides updated instructions for correcting a known water performance into an estimated viscous performance for a given viscosity. 

-The Summit Pump Team

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“Your pump isn’t producing enough flow!”
“I can’t get enough pressure out of your pump!”
“Your pump is making noise!”

We often get these calls from the field.  While it is entirely possible, in reality, it is rarely the pump’s fault.

From my almost fifty years of field experience with pump troubleshooting; I’ve found almost 80 percent of all centrifugal pump issues are on the suction side of the pump. I always start looking there first.

Key Data Needed, Prior to Calling Factory or RSM:

• Pump serial number.
• Fluid properties, or as I like to call it the “fluid personality”. (Temperature / Vapor Pressure / Specific Gravity / Viscosity / Suspended Solids / pH 
• What condition was the pump sized for? Flow and head (differential head)
• What clearance is the impeller set at? 
• What is the Shutoff pressure?
• Duty Cycle
• NPSHA?
• Submergence?
• Is the pump suction condition in a lift or flooded situation?
• Perhaps supply a sketch or photos of the system showing pipe size, elevations and components.  “A picture is worth a thousand words”
• New application or replacement?  If it’s a replacement pump, ask why they are replacing it.

The above data should be fairly quick and easy to get from the customer, using a Summit Pump Application Data Sheet. If you cannot solve the problem based on the above data, below are some more in-depth items to investigate further:

Sketch your pump’s performance against the Summit Pump performance curve.

Further Investigation:

1. Confirm pump speed (RPM). This can be done with a tachometer.  Be on the lookout for VFD issues, belt or engine driven installations.
2. Confirm direction of rotation.
3. Proper suction piping per ANSI/HI 9.6.6 guidelines.  Proper pipe diameter, length and orientation is critical to successful pump/system operation
4. Check the suction source.  Is the tank too small, causing turbulence and high velocity? Is there entrained air in the liquid? Is there proper submergence?
5. Gauges. Are the proper gauges installed?  Are they calibrated?
6. Suction lift conditions.  Is the lift too high?  What is the vapor pressure? Air leaks?
7. Head & NPSHa Calculations.  Confirm the head & NPSHa calculations.  What is the NPSH margin? If the calculations are incorrect, the pump could be incorrectly sized for the application.
8. Confirm liquid properties.  Is the given information actually the liquid they are pumping?  Did the process liquid change?  (Specific Gravity, Viscosity, Temperature, Vapor Pressure)
9. Pipe Strain. Is the piping properly supported? If not, pipe strain will usually manifest as hot bearings and alignment related issues. Was it laser-aligned?
10. Parallel or Series Pumping.  If not installed/operated correctly, pumps operating in parallel or series can have problems, and the pump(s) might not perform correctly.

Next Steps:

If you don’t know how to investigate these issues, and/or you are simply not comfortable with the process, we can assist, but please know that we are not system designers.

We fully understand that when the pump is misbehaving and cranky the customer is pointing at you and directing unpleasant pressure to fix the issue immediately. Your best friends in this situation are pump/system knowledge, experience and the IOM; so we strongly recommend you (and your customer) read and understand the IOM before starting the pump.

Last, but most assuredly not least, the Summit Pump staff are here to assist.

-The Summit Pump Team

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We are your Best Value by
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products in a timely manner,
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 No one specific subject or theme this month, just a random collection of tips.
Kind of like the junk drawer in my desk. 

Don’t forget that VFD drives are notorious for inducing stray currents into the motor that can travel to the pump and create bearing damage. Make sure the equipment is grounded.

“Gauges!?…We don’t need no stinking’ gauges!”: 
Would you drive a car without a dash board? Then why have a pump with no suction or discharge gages?
Without gages you have NO clue as to where the pump is on the curve. Push back on your customer to have gages installed, or at least make allowances for their installation when required.

Remember the gage readings will have to be corrected for elevation differences above or below the pump, since the reference plane for total head is the impeller centerline in most all cases.

Bearings; relative or otherwise:
On a single stage end suction pump the expected bearing life will typically increase with an increase in suction pressure and decrease with lower suction pressure.

Shaft kits and rotors should be rotated by hand at least once a quarter to mitigate the effects of false brinelling. Ball bearings, not in service, even when sitting in the storeroom on the shelf can be subjected to false brinelling. Make sure they have a protective coating to prevent corrosion even in climate controlled surroundings.

NO SWIMMING: 
Summit Pump does NOT manufacture pumps to NSF61 specifications. Please be aware that some water systems for potable use or swimming pools for public use may require this certification.

NSF require companies to comply with the strict standards and its product certification programs. More information at their website: http://www.nsf.org/services/by-industry/water-wastewater/municipal-water-treatment/nsf-ansi-can-standard-61

Answer: Dean Brothers introduced the first ANSI pump in 1958. They introduced their model PH and the ASA (American Standards Association) recognized the pump as their standard, and then the MCA (Manufacturing Chemist Association) adopted the pump as the AVS (American Voluntary Standard) then the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) approved the AVS standards as their own with the designation B123.1

This standard was later revised and approved as ANSI B73.1

– The Summit Pump Team

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In the case of plain/standard 316-SS, it is usually because the piece has been cold worked and will pick up some magnetic properties. Note if you were to compare the 316-SS to a 400 series stainless you would see an increase in magnitude of the magnetic attraction. It will not attract other ferritic metals, only the magnet, as a result the material itself is not necessarily magnetic, it is ferrous. The magnetic response has no effect on any other property. Austenitic 300 series steels like cold drawn 304 (and to a lesser degree 316) are slightly attracted to a magnet, but this has no effect on its corrosion resistance.

Cold Working: Parts that are highly worked (due to machine operations), such as sleeves and shafts that have been machined, ground and polished, will lend themselves even more to this phenomena.

Corrosion: In 316-SS it is the chrome content that makes it stainless, but it is the nickel content that makes it nonmagnetic.

In the process of cleaning the materials at the foundry and the machine shop, there could be some residual ferrite (iron) from the cleaning process which temporarily alters the surface.  The surface may become contaminated on the work site as well. The remedy is to pickle and passivate the surface once again. Stainless surfaces must be kept clean, so the surface can generate the passivation layer and remain as new. It is the chrome oxide film that stainless naturally forms that keeps it from corroding.

Rolled or Cast: There is a difference in cast stainless steels versus wrought stainless steels that aggravates and differentiates the issue of magnetic attraction. In the case of cast stainless steel, like CF8M, the chemistry and micro structure are purposely different from rolled steel, but the physical and corrosion properties are similar. AISI 316-SS is wrought steel and is notably less or nonmagnetic altogether, as compared to CF8M.

We want some ferrite in the CF8M cast steels to increase the strength and increase its resistance to corrosion cracking. The small amount of ferrite also reduces some forms of corrosion and helps with weldability.

Duplex and Super Duplex Materials: CD4MCu is a duplex stainless steel with magnetic attraction, due to its ferrite content.

If you remain concerned about the material’s magnetic properties, please discuss with engineering or your RSM. It’s possible to perform and document a witnessed PMI test at no charge.

– The Summit Pump Team

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What is slip? How does it affect
Positive Displacement Pump performance?

Is Your Pump Slipping?

Fluid slip is a common term used to describe reverse fluid flow inside a pump or other turbomachinery. Slip is affected by internal clearances of the parts, temperature, pressure and viscosity.

In a positive displacement pump, slip can be easily calculated just by looking at the flow being produced while in operation and subtracted from the nominal flow rate of the pump per one revolution.

Another way to determine the amount of slip is looking at the pump curve. At 0 psi, the pump is producing its nominal flow at the RPM. Notice as the pressure increases running at the same RPM, the flow will decrease. The difference between the operating pressure and 0 psi is the amount of fluid slip the pump is experiencing. This method is more of an approximation whereas the above measured flow minus the nominal flow per revolution is more accurate.

Why Should we Care About Slip?

Most importantly, too much slip can increase wear and decrease pump life, especially if the fluid is abrasive or has solids. Abrasive fluid passing through the clearances of the internal parts has the same effect of sand blasting. This opens up the clearances even more, amplifying the issue.

Next, too much slip can increase the cost of operation and loss of efficiency. In a positive displacement pump, if you are not getting the desired flow rate the first thing you do is turn up the speed, but doing this also increases the required power needed to meet same flow and pressure.

Excessive amounts of slip will introduce heat into the pump. This is critical in both the Progressive Cavity and Internal Gear Pump lines. Elastomers in the Progressive Cavity’s stator, or any rubber, has a set life limit based on how much heat it can absorb.  The more heat it absorbs, the shorter its life.

The clearances in the Internal Gear Pump are extremely tight and with extra heat introduced can cause the rotor and idler to expand and potentially lock up against the head or casing.  As a side note, if the safety relief valve is being used as a flow throttling mechanism, it can also cause the rotor and idler to expand as well.

How do you Decrease Slip?

When sizing positive displacement pumps, our guidelines is to keep slip under 15% of the desired flow rate.  One option to achieve this is to choose a smaller pump, but keep in mind RPM restrictions. When sizing Progressive Cavity pumps, our guideline is nothing faster than 300 RPM, to minimize the amount of heat generated to maximize stator elastomer life.

“Summit Pump Man, 
I don’t want to change my existing pump size, what else can I do to minimize slip?”

Reduce the pressure of the system. Reduce the all unnecessary fittings, increase pipe diameter, operate at a lower flow rate, ensure all filters and pipe runs are clean of debris, shorten the distance the fluid has to run.

A convenient feature of the Progressive Cavity pump is the ability to simply change the stage of the pump. For example, increasing a 2-stage rotor and stator to a 4-stage will reduce the amount of pressure per stage the pump experiences. Ultimately, reducing the amount of slip by a factor of the stage change. As with everything, there is always a tradeoff, torque and power required will increase and resulting factors need to be examined, such as motor size, pump frame size and location space available.

Click to Enlarge

– The Summit Pump Team

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Baseplates: Flat and Level

Pump Alignments
We all know that proper alignments between the pump and the driver are critical. Did you know that the bearing load increases in direct proportion with the misalignment? But even more importantly, a bearing load increase will decrease the bearing life by a cubic function. Simply stated, if the bearing load increases by a factor of two, due to misalignment, then the bearing life decreases by a factor of eight.

Warning: All pumps must be final aligned in the field. No matter how precise the alignment from the factory, it will be lost when the unit is shipped and installed.

Baseplates: Flat and Level
Baseplate flatness has become an issue in recent years as customers are looking to simplify installation and alignment and reduce MTBF (mean time between failures), while attempting to also reduce costs.

Most of us understand that the pump baseplate has to be level. The biggest reason for that criterion is the oil level in the bearing housing. It is possible to have too much oil on one bearing (for example the radial bearing) and not enough on the other bearing (thrust bearing). If the proper oil level is the middle of the bottom ball then it doesn’t take a whole lot of “being un-level” to miss this crucial mark.

What is flat?
A typical fabricated steel baseplate for an ANSI or standard industrial pump will be flat to within 0.005 inches (0.127 millimeters) per foot (0.3048 meter).

Example: If the distance between the pump mounting pad and the motor mounting pad is 4 feet (1.2192 meters), then the motor pad can be 0.020 inches (0.508 millimeters) higher or lower than the pump pad. If a pump pad is one foot (0.3048 meter) long, it can be 0.005 inches (0.127 millimeters) lower or higher on one end.

Process Industries Practices (PIP) (and API610) bases for the same model can be 0.002 inches (0.0508 millimeters) per foot (0.3048 meter), or less than half of the standard baseplate.

Benefits
A flat surface will allow the installer to more effectively level the baseplate prior to grouting and then align the motor to the pump by shimming under the motor feet. When attempting to align the pump and motor shaft to within 0.002 inches (0.0508 millimeters) TIR (Total Indicator Run-out), it is easier to start out on a level playing field rather than have unequal shim stacks under each foot of the motor.Extra Credit:

Good millwrights and pump technicians/mechanics know to check for *soft-foot before they start the pump to driver alignment.

*“soft-foot” is where one or more feet are not in contact with the mounting pad when the unit is in the unbolted condition (this should be corrected by shimming, not by tightening the bolt which may distort the motor frame).

If you had a soft-foot of 0.016” and then bolted the motor down anyway; you have just introduced 0.008” of strain/stress into the driver. There is now potentially 0.008” of offset between the front and rear bearings, regardless of the motor size. If you do a similar offset to the pump, again you have introduced an internal stress on the bearings and shaft. Even without soft-foot on either pump or motor, if the baseplate is not flat, you have just done the same thing to the driver and or motor. Bases must be level and flat.

– The Summit Pump Team

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We are your Best Value by
“providing quality pumping
products in a timely manner,
at a fair market price.”